THE EXAMPLE of "REPORTED SPEECH"

 

TENSES	DIRECT SPEECH	REPORTED SPEECH (INDIRECT SPEECH)
SIMPLE PRESENT	I said,“Torres is busy.”	I said Torres was busy.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS	I said,“I am working now.”	I said I was working now.
SIMPLE PAST	I said,“Frank was here this afternoon.”	- I said Frank was here this afternoon. - I said Frank had been here this afternoon.
PAST CONTINUOUS	I said,“Luiz was studying all yesterday.”	- I said Luiz was studying all yesterday. - I said Luiz had been studying all yesterday.
PRESENT PERFECT	I said,“Ted has worked here for 8 years.”	I said Ted had worked here for 8 years.
PAST PERFECT	I said,“Ray had worked here for 6 years.”	I said Ray had worked here for 6 years.
SIMPLE FUTURE	I said,“Maria will stay here from July.”	I said Maria would stay here from July.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS	I said,“We’ll be living here for 8 months.”	I said we would be living here for 8 months.

TYPE	DIRECT SPEECH	REPORTED SPEECH (INDIRECT SPEECH)
STATEMENT	S + P + O Maria said,“I need the money for the dress.”	S + Reporting Verb + That + S Maria said that she needed the money for the dress.
QUESTION WORD	Question Word + S + P + O ? Kate asked,“Why don’t you come to the school?”	S + Reporting Verb + Question Word + S + To Be Kate asked me why I didn’t come to the school.
PROHIBITION  / COMMAND	(To Be – Not) P + Complement -Luiz told me,“Don’t be late, or you’ll die!” -Frank told Torres,“Close the door, please!”	S + Reporting Verb + (Not) To + Complement -Luiz told me not to be late, or I’ll die. -Frank told Torres to close the door.
REQUEST	… Modal Aux + To Be … Nicky asked me,“Would you like to come?”	S + Reporting Verb + Whether/If + S + … Nicky asked me whether/if I would like to come.
YES / NO	To Be + S + P + O Cindy asked me,“Do you love me?”	S + Reporting Verb + Whether/If + S + … Cindy asked me whether/if I love her.

REPORTED SPEECH

Reported Speech is a sentence which reporting / retelling what had been said by others. Reported speech is usually called as Indirect Speech. Reported speech can be used to report :

1. Statement
2. Request
3. Command
4. Questions

• Tenses

  * No Backshift

  Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Present (e. g. He says). Note, however, that you might have to change the form of the present tense verb (3rd person singular).

  Example

  He says, “I speak Indonesia.” – He says that he speaks Indonesia.

  * Backshift

  You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Past (e. g. He said). This is called backshift.

  Example

  He said, “I am sad.” – He said that he was sad.

   

  DIRECT SPEECH	REPORTED SPEECH
  Simple Present	Simple Past
  Present Progressive	Past Progressive
  Simple Past	Past Perfect Simple
  Present Perfect Simple
  Past Perfect Simple
  Past Progressive	Past Perfect Progressive
  Present Perfect Progressive
  Past Perfect Progressive
  Future I (going to)	was / were going to
  Future I (will)	Conditional I (would)
  Conditional I (would)

• Place and Time Expressions

  In the following table, you will find ways of transforming place and time expressions into reported speech.

DIRECT SPEECH	REPORTED SPEECH
Today	That day
Now	Then
Yesterday	The day before
Tomorrow	The next day / the following day
… days ago	… days before
Last week	The week before
Next year	The following year
Here	There
This	That
These	Those

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Ø Past Perfect Continuous tense is used to describe an activity or a state which began in the past and lasted until a second time in the past.

Ø Past Perfect Continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian / perbuatan yang masih sedang  berlangsung ketika suatu kejadian lain terjadi di masa lampau. Perbuatan yang terjadi lalu dinyatakan dalam Simple Past.

Ø (+) : S + Had + Been + Verb-ing

o   When I returned last night, They had been studying for half an hour.

o   We had been working for hours by the time he got there.

o   By 9 p.m last night, she had been preparing her homework for sometime.

Ø (-) : S + Had + Not + Been + Verb-ing

Note : Bentuk (-) dari tense ini jarang digunakan.

Ø (?) : Had + S + Been + Verb-ing

o   Had you been waiting long when she returned last night ?

Answer :     - Yes, I had.

                   - No, I hadn’t.

o   How long had they been living there by last year ?

     Answer :       They had been living there for 2 years by last year.

Ø You can say that something had been happening for a period of time before something else happened.

o   Our game of tennis was interrupted. We had been playing for about half an hour when it started to rainy very heavily.

o   Ken gave up smoking two years ago. He had been smoking for 20 years.

Ø Had been-ing (Past Perfect Continuous) is the past of Have been-ing (Present Perfect Continuous). Compare

1.     Present Perfect Continuous

        S + Have/Has + Been + Verb-ing

o   I hope the bus comes soon. I have been waiting 20 minutes

o   He is out of breath. He has been running.

2.     Past Perfect Continuous

        S + Had + Been + Verb-ing

o   At last the bus came. I had been waiting for 20 minutes.

o   He was out of breath. He had been running.

Ø Compare had been doing and was doing (Past Continuous)

o   It wasn’t training when we went out. The sun was shining. But it had been raining, so the ground was wet.

o   Ann was sitting in an armchair watching television. She was tired because she had been working very hard.

Ø Some verbs (for example, know and want) are normally used in the continuous :

o   We were good friends. We had known each other for years.